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Complexity
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6768434…
12 pages
1 file
This study compares the three-factor model (F&F model) proposed by Eugene Fama and Kenneth French with Daniel and Titman’s Characteristics Model (D&T model) using the data of Indian stock returns for the period of 25 years from 1993 to 2018. Three-way sorting (3 × 2 × 2) of stocks based on the B/M ratio and size of the firms, and then by SMB, HML, or ex-ante β loadings, is formulated to design thirty-six portfolios. Regression and rolling regression are applied to the data under study. Results obtained by the F&F model, despite its shortcomings, are found more conclusive than the D&T model for distinguishing between characteristics and covariances for returns on Indian stock. This study favors the F&F model over the D&T model.
Social Science Research Network, 2018
Prediction of price fluctuations has always been interesting for academicians, practitioners and investors. However, price fluctuations can never be exactly predicted, but some trends can be drawn in price fluctuations. The first landmark in stock pricing was Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) given by William Sharpe in 1964. After that a deluge of pragmatic evidence came up and challenged the CAPM. Despite being criticized by several researchers, CAPM became a basis for the development of other models. Fama and French gave a three-factor model and claimed that it better explains the price fluctuations of stocks than CAPM, and the anomalies of CAPM are captured by the three-factor model. The present study is an attempt to find the explanatory power of Fama and French three-factor model in the Indian stock market and covers the period from April 1, 2009 to March 31, 2016. The Fama and French three-factor model failed to capture the individual asset returns. On the other hand, it explains the portfolio asset returns sorted on the basis of size and value. A significant effect of market risk premium, size premium and value premium was detected on the returns of the assets.
IAEME PUBLICATION, 2020
Asset pricing theory helps the investors to understand the risk and return realised for any investment. It also tries to explain how two different stocks give varied expected returns and also explain how these returns change over time. Emerging markets like India always gives a challenge to current asset pricing theory. Because these markets are much volatile and doesn't follow these theories due incomplete market integration. The present paper tries to check the validity of Fama French 3 Factor model in Indian Stock Markets.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013
We compute the Fama-French and momentum factor returns for the Indian equity market for the October 1993-December 2013 period using data from CMIE Prowess. We differ from the previous studies on this topic, in the Indian market, in several significant ways. First, we cover a greater number of firms relative to the existing studies. Second, we exclude illiquid firms to ensure that the portfolios are investible. Third, we have classified firms into small and big using a more appropriate cutoff considering the distribution of firm size. Fourth, as there are many instances of vanishing of public companies in India, we have computed the returns with a correction for the survival bias. During the period from January 1994 to December 2014, the average annual return of the momentum factor was 21.9%; the average annual return on the value portfolio (HML) was 15.3%; that of the size factor (SMB) nearly 0%; and the average annual excess return on the market factor (MRP) was 11.5%. This is a revised version of our earlier paper on this topic. The revision is carried out to primarily accommodate the data of firms which are retrospectively added to the prowess database by CMIE. The time series of daily, monthly and yearly returns on the factors and the underlying portfolios are made available at an online data library. The authors would update the library on a monthly basis.
International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 2018
Assets pricing is one of the most debated domains of finance as pricing of securities plays an important role in the investment strategies of stock market players. This study tests the applicability of the Fama and French (2015) five factor model in the Pakistani stock market to explain the time series variation in excess portfolio returns. For portfolio sorting, we use data from June 2000 to June 2013 for 120 firms on the basis of market capitalization listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. We formulate 16 portfolios on the basis of size, book to market ratio, operating profitability and investment i.e. small minus big (SMB), high minus low (HML), robust minus weak (RMW), and conservative minus aggressive (CMA) along with marker risk factor are considered as four risk factors. For empirics, we apply the Fama and Macbeth (1973) two pass regression technique with the finding that the five factor model is an appropriate model for assets pricing in explaining risk adjusted time series ...
Abstract Asset prices in the markets are influenced by changes in economic environment and also reflect the intrinsic value of an individual stock in a particular industry. Various asset pricing models have been developed to predict asset returns as accurately as possible. CAPM is one of the most used models to understand the risk and return relationship. The Arbitrage Pricing Theory, a multi-factor model, assumes that asset returns are dependent on multiple risk factors including macroeconomic indicators such as inflation, changes in interest rates, growth in gross domestic product (GDP), or political and economic events which generally impact the returns of all assets. The objective of this paper is to examine the various macroeconomic factors that influence asset prices on the Indian bourses and use the APT (multi factor model) to explain asset returns on the thirty scrips included in the BSE SENSEX for the period April 2011 to March 2017. The statistical techniques used are exploratory factor analysis, multiple regression analysis and cross sectional regression analysis.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
Asset pricing theory is a framework designed to identify and measure risk, as well as to assign rewards for bearing risk. There is a general contention that the simple Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) does not adequately describe stock return behavior; other macro-economic factors may also play an important role. In particular, emerging capital markets like India provide a challenge to asset pricing theory; markets that have undertaken substantial liberalization of their financial sectors to allow for the free flow of foreign portfolio investments tend to be more sensitive to the macro-economic factors. The present study was based on a sample of fifty stocks listed in the S&P 500 index of the National Stock Exchange, belonging to eight of the most flourishing industries in the Indian economy. The objectives of the study were to compare and assess the CAPM and the Arbitrage Pricing Model (APM), as applied to Indian capital markets, and to find out how macroeconomic variables affect the returns of different securities.
INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT, 2022
The following research study focuses on the Indian capital market as a wider scope of developing economies. We understand the functioning of capital markets in general as well as the structure of the same in the Indian economy. We will look into differences between developing and developed economies. The paper makes a deeper analysis of whether the Capital Asset Pricing Model stands true for the Indian Capital Market over a duration of 10 years’ data. Similarly a hypothetical portfolio was created to assess the validity of the Fama- French model. We also give an analysis of how the market capitalisation to GDP ratio could give any kind of insight to whether the CAPM model gets replicated in that country’s capital market. The paper concludes with a real view analysis beyond the theory of the asset pricing models and verdict on a model which gives better results in the case of a developing economysuch as India. Key words: Asset Pricing Model, CAPM, Fama-French model, Buffett Indicator...
International Journal of Management (IJM), 2020
Stock prices have always been a subject of intrigue. Researchers have strived to find the factors which influence stock prices thereby returns. Fama and French constructed a 3 factor model which has been applied across the globe to test the validity of the model. The results have varied and have led to inclusion of other variables also in the model. In recent times validity of Fama-French model has been questioned. Also researchers have generally focused on market based factors to examine the relationship. Our study assesses the impact of firm specific fundamental factors, total assets (size effect), debt-equity ratio, current ratio, return on equity and dividend yield apart from market based factors, beta and price to book value ratio (value effect) on the stock returns. We have examined 198 stocks listed on National Stock Exchange (NSE, India). Panel data method is used for the study. Beta and value effect do explain the variation in stock returns. However, size effect and leverage have been found to be insignificant. In addition, we have found that return on equity and dividend yield also significantly affect the stock returns. Our study, thus, concludes that corporate factors, like return on equity and dividend yield, also influence the stock returns apart from the market based factors like beta and value effect.
2013
The aim of this paper is to use the US stock market index to construct different portfolios and test the possible differences in the validity between the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the Fama and French three-factor model for the US market. We perform a comprehensive analysis of the two models, and form risk factors that are applied with advanced methods from recent literatures. By using the tool of MS EXCEL 2007, we estimate regression equations and test which factor model can better explain the return of stock. We use a time-series regression approach and different hypotheses tests to check the statistical significance of key parameters (intercepts, market beta, SMB beta, HML beta). We also examine whether the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) assumptions are fulfilled. Furthermore, we compare the estimated parameters from the different models and check which model has a better explanation on the relationship between risk factors and stock returns. The paper concludes that our testing results show that the Fama and French three-factor model has more explanatory power than the single-factor CAPM, in explaining the variation of the stock returns. We also find that the market beta is the key factor, no matter if we look at the capital asset pricing model or the FF three-factor model.
International Journal of Financial Research
The study investigates if the three-factor model explains variation in expected returns of stocks on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE); and also ascertains if the four-factor model explains the variation in expected returns of stocks on the NSE better than the three-factor model. The study use a sample size of 139 stocks with continuous trading on the NSE for the period January 2007 to December 2014 to construct 10 portfolios on the bases of size, value and returns. By means of multiple OLS regression analysis method with the aid of StataC13 software the analysis was done. The empirical analysis reveals that the three-factor model explains cross sectional variation in expected returns in the NSE. Also, the study shows that the size effect, value effect as well as momentum effect is present in the market. Comparing the four-factor model with three-factor model, shows that the four-factor model have better explanatory power than the three-factor model in explaining returns in the Mark...
Afro-Asian J. of Finance and Accounting
There have been numerous studies that have attempted to explain the cross-sectional variation in average returns in developed and emerging markets. However, there is a dearth in the published evidence of research that has looked at frontier markets regarding this aspect. Sri Lanka is considered to be a frontier market and hence the objective of this study is to test the ability of the Carhart four-factor model to explain the variation in the cross-section of average stock returns in the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) and to evaluate it in comparison to the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the Fama and French three-factor model. The study finds that the four-factor model, incorporating the market factor, size factor, value factor and momentum factor, provides a satisfactory explanation of the variation in the cross-section of average stock returns in the CSE. Further, it is found that the four-factor model performs better than the CAPM and the three-factor model.
Tax Saving Mutual Fund Schemes were established with the objective of inviting Indian Tax assessees into the stock market-oriented investment. Tax saving mutual fund is an avenue which offers an investor the opportunity to avail tax exemption on investment along with diversified risk and market-related return. All Tax Saving Mutual Fund Schemes have same the objective but each scheme differs in returns produced and risks involved. The mutual fund performance is based on the performance of market and there is no assurance on return of mutual fund investments. As such, an analysis have been made in this paper to measure the performance of Indian Mutual funds market by using Fama French three factor model. In particular, 32 growth-oriented open-ended Tax Saving Mutual Fund Schemes have been taken for the study. The performance of the TSMF has been compared with the market benchmark S&P CNX Nifty. It is found that there is a difference between expected return and actual return of mutual funds. It is also found that there are certain mutual fund schemes have underperformed than the market benchmark. Not all the mutual fund schemes are safe and secured. It is the responsibility of the investors to find the better performing funds.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2016
This study intends to identify the better model in explaining variations of average stock returns of listed companies in the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) when time series and cross sectional regressions are employed. The sample consists of all stocks listed in the main board of the CSE except Bank, Finance and Insurance Sector during the period from 1997 to 2014. The methodology used to form factor mimicking portfolios to estimate risk factors and portfolio returns is similar to the methodology of Fama and French 1993 and 2012 and to test the performance of asset pricing models Fama and MacBeth (1973) two step procedure is employed. The Gibbons, Ross, and Shanken (GRS) (1989) F-test reveals that the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a poor model whereas the Fama and French (1993) Three Factor Model (FF3FM) and Carhart (1997) Four Factor Model (C4FM) are better models in explaining the cross sectional variations of stock returns of the listed companies in the CSE when time series regressions are employed. Fama-Macbeth t-test reveals that the C4FM is the only valid model in the size-BM sorted portfolios. The C4FM is found to be a superior model and performs better than FF3FM, Reward Beta Model (RBM) and CAPM and also the explanatory power of the FF3FM is comparatively better than both CAPM and RBM in explaining the cross section of stock returns of listed companies in the CSE.
2019
The Fama-French three-factor model is one of the most important models in asset pricing theory, extending the CAPM by incorporating the size and book-to-market (BTM) effects. Several studies have shown that the three-factor model has significantly greater explanatory power over the CAPM. The present study contributes to the literature by proposing fixed-effects panel regression analysis of stock performance on beta, log of total assets and the book-to-market ratio, controlling for stock-specific and period-specific effects as an alternative to the classic Fama-French methodology, which involves the comparison of the rates of return of a portfolio consisting of high BTM stocks with a portfolio consisting of low BTM stocks and the comparison of the rates of return of a portfolio consisting of small firm stocks with a portfolio consisting of large firm stocks. The study examines the three-factor model using a sample of nine large-cap stocks from the banking industry in the National Sto...
2016
Investment in stocks may be made individually or through portfolio managers. This study attempts at selecting an optimal portfolio for investment in Indian equity stocks belonging to specific economic sectors. After reviewing the relevant literature, the objectives and research methodology of the study have been spelt out. This is followed by a coverage of the concepts and definitions which are relevant for this study. A comparison of the different approaches to select an optimum portfolio has been made to get an overview of the relative measures.
European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2019
This study contributes to the literature extension on two widely studied multifactor models of asset pricing through testing the (Fama &French, 1993) 3-factor model and the (Carhart, 1997) 4-factor model for Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). The objective of this study is to test the validity of Fama & French 3-factor model and Carhart 4-factor model for the period of July 2012 to June 2018 for a sample of 98 companies listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange. The similar methodology of Fama & French (1993) is used for portfolio formation and 6 portfolios are formed and their value weighted excess returns are used as dependent variables. The regression results of Fama & French 3-factor model indicate its validity in explaining stock return variation but with insignificant intercept values. The Carhart 4-factor model regression results are also similar to that of Fama & French 3-factor and show no noticeable increase in the explanatory power of model by adding the momentum factor. Hence, from ...
2017
Purpose: This research has been carried out to test empirically the application of Fama and French three factor model on Pakistan Stock Exchange covering forty listed companies using annual data from 1984 to 2012. Methodology: Author selected excess return as dependent variable and three independent variables market risk, size of the firm and the book to market value of the firms in the portfolio. To test the hypotheses, author used panel least square method. Findings: Result shows that all independent variables are significant and have sign as predicted by theoretical understanding. From our result we interpret that three factors model explain returns in its simplified form on long term horizon better than single factor model like CAPM. Implication: The findings of the research paper suggest that developing economy like Pakistan investor and portfolio manager can better understand by applying multiple variable models and its modified form rather than only relying on CAMP covariance...
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
The purpose of the article was to examine the superiority and efficacy of Sharpe’s single-index model of portfolio optimisation. The study has attempted to build an optimal portfolio of Indian mid-cap companies using William Sharpe’s single-index model. The methodology is also known as the Market model. A portfolio was selected from the Nifty mid-cap 100 index of the NSE. MS-Excel 365 has been used for the analysis. The optimal portfolio returns during the fixed period of analysis were compared with the returns of the benchmark market portfolio. The return of the optimal portfolio using Sharpe’s model was found to be considerably higher than the benchmark market portfolio and the risk of the same was found to be much lower. Hence it could be established that in the five years of the study period, the optimal portfolio outperformed the benchmark market portfolio—the Nifty mid-cap 100 index. The selected optimal portfolio was also found to be well diversified comprising 11 securities ...
This paper attempts to test the functioning of Fama-French (FF) three-factor model at Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE). The three factors include market risk premium, size risk and book to market risk. Nine portfolios are constructed by taking daily closing prices of thirty selective stocks of CSE from January 2010 to December 2014. Treasury bill rates of Bangladesh are used as a proxy for the risk-free rate. This study finds, stocks with small market capital outperform that of large market capital. It also observes that higher book to market ratio yields poor earnings. Although return at CSE is significantly influenced by rational size, it is weakly affected by value. Being a rumor driven and inefficient market, the FF model has positive but weaker explanatory capacity on stock returns at CSE.
Global Management Sciences Review, 2020
This study provides an empirical examination of the Fama and French five-factor asset pricing model (FF5FM) in the equity market of Pakistan. Using data from 2007 to 2017of non-financial firms listed on PSX. The univariate approach is used to construct the dependent portfolios based on four firms characteristics, while a 2x3 approach is used to construct size, value, profitability, and investment factors. Time series regression is used to analyze the data to obtained results. The empirical evidence demonstrates that FF5FM performs better the three-factor model in the Pakistan stock market and the performance of the four-factor model that drops investment factor is similar to FF5FM except for portfolios constructed based on investment factor.

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